Txhua lub sijhawm muaj ib lossis ntau dua isotopes nrog tsis khov ntawm nuclei, uas tuaj yeem yauv hla cov pa hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, lub pob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tso cov khoom sib txawv lossis hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Thaum lub voos kheej-kheej ntawm cov hluav taws xob loj dua li qhov hluav taws xob ntawm kev ua ntawm lub zog loj, kev xoo hluav taws xob yuav tshwm sim, thiab qhov hluav taws xob ntawm kev ua ntawm lub zog muaj zog tsuas yog ob peb femtometers.
Feem ntau cov xov tooj cua hluav taws xob feem ntau yog li hauv qab no:
Alpha lwj: lub qau ua ib qho alpha particle, ib qhov helium nucleus uas muaj ob lub protons thiab ob lub neutron. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lwj yog lub hauv paus tshiab nrog qhov qis dua atomic number.
Beta lwj: qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv uas tus neutron pauv mus rau ib qho proton lossis ib qho proton tau txia mus ua ib tus neutron Qhov qub yog nrog los ntawm tso tawm ntawm electron thiab antineutrino, thaum kawg tom qab tso tawm positron thiab neutrino. Cov tso tawm hluav taws xob lossis tso tawm tau cov npe hu ua beta particles. Yog li no, qhov kev tawm tsam beta tuaj yeem ntxiv lossis txo tsawg dua qhov kawg ntawm lub atom los ntawm ib qho.
Gamma lwj: qhov theem zog ntawm lub zog tawg yog qhov tsawg, thiab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tso tawm, feem ntau tom qab tso tawm ntawm alpha particles lossis beta particles.
Ib nrab-lub neej ntawm isotopes nrog Z protons thiab N neutrons
Lwm qhov hluav taws xob tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob muaj xws li: tso cov neutrons lossis protons, tso cov nuclei lossis electron, thiab tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsis siv beta hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob siab photons hloov gamma rays los ntawm kev hloov dua sab hauv.
Txhua lub radioisotope muaj lub sijhawm ua rau lub cev lwj, uas yog ib nrab ntawm lub neej. Ib nrab-lub neej yog lub sijhawm uas xav tau rau ib nrab ntawm tus qauv mus rau lwj. Qhov no yog ib qho kev piav qhia tsis zoo, uas yog, qhov tas mus li qhov sib txawv ntawm 50% ntawm qhov hnoos qeev thaum txhua ib nrab-lub neej. Hauv lwm cov lus, tom qab ob nrab-lub neej, tsuas 25% ntawm pib isotope.