Khoom ntes taug qab
Cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog mica, quartz thiab ntau yam pob zeb hauv av ua kom pom tseeb; tsis-muaju xws li iav thiab ceramics; polymer plastics xws li polycarbonate, nitrocellulose, acetate, thiab polyester. Cov khoom siv ntsuas tau tsim tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1960 thiab tuaj yeem ntes cov protons, alpha particles, ions hnyav, tawg feem, thiab nuclei hauv cosmic rays.