Txawm hais tias lub npe Askiv ntawm atom (atom) yog npaj los ua cov khoom me me uas tsis tuaj yeem faib ntxiv, nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev tshawb fawb, atoms raug suav hais tias yog cov hluav taws xob, protons, thiab neutrons (hydrogen atoms yog tsim los ntawm protons thiab electrons) )). Feem ntau hu ua subatomic hais. Yuav luag txhua qhov atoms muaj cov saum toj peb subatomic hais, tab sis protium (isotope ntawm hydrogen) tsis muaj neutrons, thiab nws cov ion (tom qab poob hluav taws xob) tsuas yog proton.
Lub proton muaj qhov zoo sib tw thiab nws qhov hnyav yog 1836 npaug ntawm qhov loj ntawm hluav taws xob, uas yog 1.6726 × 10⁻²⁷ kg. Txawm li cas los xij, ib feem ntawm qhov loj tuaj yeem hloov mus rau atomic binding energy. Neutrons tsis muaj nqi dab tsi, thiab qhov huab hwm coj ntawm cov neutron dawb yog 1839 npaug ntawm qhov loj ntawm hluav taws xob, uas yog 1.6929 × 10⁻²⁷ kg. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm neutrons thiab protons yog qhov zoo sib xws, ob qho tib si rau ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm 2.5 ⁻¹⁵ 10⁻¹⁵ m, tab sis lawv cov nplaim tsis tau hais meej.
Txawm hais tias atoms yog qhov me me, lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua subdivided los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj, tab sis lawv tseem tuaj yeem cais tau los ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev, vim hais tias atoms kuj muaj qee yam muaj. Cov atoms yog tsim ntawm lub luag hauj lwm zoo nucleus nyob rau hauv lub chaw thiab tsis zoo them nqi hluav taws xob sab nraum lub nucleus (rov qab ntawm antimatter). Lub nucleus yog tsim ntawm protons thiab neutrons. Cov xaim hluav taws xob tau txav ntawm qhov chaw nrawm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw loj dua sab nraud ntawm nucleus.
Hauv cov qauv txheej txheem qauv kev tawm dag zog ntawm physics, ob qho tib si protons thiab neutrons yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom qog ua ntej hu ua quarks. Quark yog ib hom fermion thiab ib ntawm ob qhov pib sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm teeb meem. Lwm qhov kev tiv thaiv yooj yim yog hu ua leptons, thiab hluav taws xob yog ib hom leptons. Muaj rau hom kev ua haujlwm ntawm quarks, txhua qhov ntawm tus nqi them ib feem, yog +2 / 3 lossis -1/3. Ib qho proton yog muaj li ntawm ob txog quarks thiab ib tug nqes hav, thaum ib tus neutron yog tsim ntawm ib qho quark thiab ob tug nqes hav. Qhov sib txawv no piav qhia vim li cas cov nqi thiab qhov loj ntawm neutrons thiab protons sib txawv. Quarks tau sib koom ua ke los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam muaj zog thiab muaj kev sib kho los ntawm gluons. Cov lus gluon yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm qhov kev sib thooj boson, ib hom ntawm cov khoom tawg thaum ub siv los ua kev sib zog.
Subatomic hais tau qhov ntau ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab yoj-particle duality. Cov qauv tshuaj yog qhia raws li: λ=h / p=h / mv, qhov twg λ wavelength, p yog lub zog, thiab h yog Planck' s tas li (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J · S)