Hluav taws xob lub qhov nta
1. Lub txim them sib npaug sib npaug rau hauv tshuab hluav taws xob tab sis daim paib kos npe sib tw, ob qho nqi them + q;
2. Cov txiaj ntsig kev sib txig sib luag yog sib luag rau cov hluav taws xob muaj hluav taws xob zoo sib xws rau lub valence band sab saum toj qhov chaw xeev, tab sis daim phiajcim yog qhov zoo, uas yog, mp=-mn;
3. Lub nrawm nrawm yog raws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrawm sib xws rau lub headspace ntawm lub valence band;
4. Cov concentration yog sib npaug ntawm cov khoob tsis txaus p0;